Kedu ihe bụ lithium manganese oxide?

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) bụ ihe cathode a na-eji na batrị lithium{0}}, nwere usoro kemịkal LiMn₂O₄. Ọ nwere nhazi kristal dị akụkụ atọ- na-eme ka lithium na-emegharị nke ọma{3}} n'oge ịchaji batrị na cycles.

Njiri mara nke LMO dabere na nhazi kristal spinel, nkewapụtara n'okpuru otu oghere Fd3m. Nhazi lattice cubic a na-edobe ikuku oxygen n'otu ebe ebe manganese na lithium ion na-anọkwa na saịtị octahedral na tetrahedral n'otu n'otu. Usoro atọ ahụ- na-emepụta ụzọ ejikọrọ ọnụ maka ion lithium ịgagharị n'efu, nke na-atụgharị ozugbo na arụmọrụ batrị bara uru.

Nhazi ụkpụrụ ụlọ a na-edozi nsogbu nke na-emekpa ihe abụọ dị iche iche katode{{0}. Kama ịmanye ion ka ọ gaa n'okporo ụzọ atụmatụ nwere oke, usoro spinel na-enye ọtụtụ ụzọ n'akụkụ atọ. Nsonaazụ bụ mbufe ion ngwa ngwa, ibelata nguzogide dị n'ime, yana ikike njikwa ugbu a ka mma. Nnyocha na-egosi na usoro a na-edobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ọbụna n'oge ana-akwụ ụgwọ ọsọ ọsọ{4}} na-eme ka LMO dabara nke ọma maka ngwa chọrọ nnyefe ngwa ngwa.

Ọdịnaya manganese dị na LMO dị na steeti valence agwakọta, yana nha nha nha nke Mn³⁺ na Mn⁴ ion na-ebi saịtị octahedral. Ọnọdụ oxidation agwakọta na-arụ ọrụ dị oke egwu na mmeghachi omume electrochemical nke na-eme n'oge ọrụ batrị, na-enye ohere ntinye na mmịpụta lithium nwere ike ịgbanwe.

N'oge usoro mwepụ ahụ, ion lithium na-esi na anode na-akwaga site na electrolyte gaa na LMO cathode, ebe ha na-ejupụta saịtị tetrahedral n'ime usoro oxide manganese. Electrons na-agafe na sekit dị n'èzí, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Mgbe ị na-akwụ ụgwọ, usoro a na-atụgharị{2} ion lithium na-ewepụta na cathode wee laghachi na anode.

Njirimara voltaji dị iche iche LMO na kemịkalụ cathode ndị ọzọ. Batrị LMO na-arụ ọrụ na voltaji ọnụ nke ihe dịka 4.0V, dị elu karịa sistemụ lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Voltaji dị elu a na-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmepụta ike kwa otu nkeji, n'agbanyeghị na njupụta ike n'ozuzu ka na-adịru oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere nickel-ọgaranya cathode ihe.

Usoro njikọta na LMO na-apụta site na usoro ebe lithium ion na-atụgharị n'ime ma wepụta n'ụdị spinel na-akpaghasịghị usoro manganese{{0} oxygen. Nkwụsi ike nhazi a n'oge ịgba ígwè bụ ma uru yana oke, nke anyị ga-enyocha na ngalaba ihe ịma aka.

Batrị LMO kacha mma na ngwa na-achọ mmepụta ike dị elu karịa obere oge. Ngwá ọrụ ike na-anọchite anya akụkụ ahịa bụ isi, ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eji ikike LMO na-ebuga ugbu a dị ukwuu maka mkpọpu ala, igbutu, na ịrụ ọrụ nchikota. Ikike mwepu ngwa ngwa dabara na ogologo oge, ike dị elu nke ojiji ngwaọrụ.

Ngalaba ụgbọ ala na-eji LMO n'ime ngwakọ na ụgbọ ala eletrik, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ejikọta ya na ngwa cathode ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ Nissan na Chevy Volt, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ejirila LMO{1}NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) kathodes agwakọta. Usoro ngwakọ a na-eme ka ikike dị elu nke LMO na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu ma na-adabere na NMC maka ogologo ogologo. Ihe data na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi ihe dị ka 30% LMO ọdịnaya n'ime usoro agwakọtara agwakọta na-enye nguzozi arụmọrụ kacha mma.

Ngwa ahụike na-erite uru na profaịlụ nchekwa LMO yana njirimara ike. Ngwa ịwa ahụ, obere defibrillators, na nfuli infusion na-etinye batrị LMO n'ihi na nkwụsi ike ọkụ na-ebelata ihe egwu ọkụ na gburugburu ebe nlekọta dị oke mkpa. Nyocha 2024 nke nchekwa batrị ahụike chọpụtara na ọkụ edekọghị efu na batrị LMO na ntọala ụlọọgwụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe omume dịpụrụ adịpụ na kemịkalụ lithium ndị ọzọ-.

Anyịnya igwe eletrik na skuuta na-enwetawanye teknụzụ LMO, ọkachasị n'ahịa Eshia. Ngwakọta ọnụ ahịa -ịrụ ọrụ yana nnyefe ike zuru oke dabara n'ụdị ojiji nke ụgbọ ala ndị a{2}obere njem nwere nnukwu ike mgbe ụfọdụ{3}chọrọ maka ịrị ugwu ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.

Sistemụ nchekwa ike maka njikọta mmeghari ohuru na-ejikwa LMO, n'agbanyeghị na ngwa a chere asọmpi sitere na lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Ọrụ ugbo nke anyanwụ Sweden na 2025 wepụrụ 50MWh nke sodium- batrị manganese oxide (teknụzụ dị iche iche), na-egosipụta ihe ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na manganese{{4}nke dabere na nchekwa ike.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Nnukwu manganese na-eme ka LMO maa mma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. Manganese nọ n'ọkwa dị ka ihe nke iri na abụọ kachasị na mbara ụwa, bara ụba karịa cobalt ma ọ bụ nickel. Nnweta a na-atụgharị gaa na ọnụahịa kwụsiri ike yana adịghị ike n'ụdị ọkọnọ mbelata. Data ahịa dị ugbu a na-egosi na ihe LMO na-efu ihe dịka 20% na-erughị nickel-cobalt{6}}manganese (NCM) ọzọ mgbe ị na-aza ajụjụ maka mmefu akụrụngwa.

Nlebanya gburugburu na-akwado LMO karịa cobalt{0}} chemistries siri ike. Mwepụta nke manganese, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị na-enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ezere ọtụtụ nchegbu gbasara ụkpụrụ omume metụtara ngwuputa cobalt na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Ọdịdị na-adịghị - na-egbu egbu na-eme ka njikwa ihe dị mfe n'oge usoro nrụpụta na imegharị ihe. Ụlọ nrụpụta batrị nwere ike hazie LMO site na usoro igwe arụrụ arụ, na-eweghachi manganese maka ijigharị na batrị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ngwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.

Nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ na-anọchite anya uru nchekwa dị mkpa. LMO cathodes na-eguzogide ikpo ọkụ na-agba ọsọ{1} ọnọdụ ọdịda ọdịda ebe okpomọkụ batrị na-abawanye ngwa ngwa, nwere ike ịkpata ọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbawa. Nnwale dị ka ụkpụrụ UL siri dị na-egosi LMO na-egosipụta 58% ihe ize ndụ ịgba ọsọ dị ala karịa lithium - nhazi nhazi. Nkwụsi ike dị n'ihe owuwu spinel pụtara LMO na-ejigide arụmọrụ na oke okpomọkụ, na-arụ ọrụ n'enweghị nsogbu ruo ogo 60 (ogo 140 F) na-enweghị mmebi dị ukwuu.

Ike nchaji ngwa ngwa sitere na ụzọ atọ - akụkụ ion. Batrị LMO nwere ike ịnakwere ụgwọ n'ọnụọgụ gafere 1C (ụgwọ zuru oke n'otu awa) na-enweghị oke arụrụ arụ. Nke a dị iche na ụfọdụ ihe cathode na-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ chaja ngwa ngwa.

Ike na-ebelata n'oge ịnya igwe gbatịrị agbatị na-ewetara LMO ịma aka kacha mkpa. Batrị LMO na-ebunye okirikiri chajị 300{3}700 tupu ike agbada ruo 80% nke izizi-dịkarịa ala karịa okirikiri 1,500-3,000 nke batrị LFP nwetara. Mmachi a sitere na mgbasa nke manganese banye na electrolyte, ihe na-eme ngwa ngwa na okpomọkụ dị elu.

Usoro mgbasa na-agụnye Mn²⁺ ions na-ewepụ site na nhazi nke cathode, karịsịa na ọnụnọ hydrofluoric acid (HF) nke na-etolite site na ire ere electrolyte. ion manganese ndị a gbazere na-akwaga na anode, ebe ha na-etinye ma na-egbochi oyi akwa electrolyte interphase (SEI). Ka oge na-aga, usoro a na-emebi ma electrodes, na-ebelata ikike batrị na ịrụ ọrụ.

Mmachi njupụta ume na-egbochi asọmpi LMO na ngwa chọrọ ikike nchekwa kacha. Batrị LMO na-enweta ihe dịka 100 -150 Wh/kg, atụnyere 150-250 Wh/kg maka NMC na 250-300 Wh/kg maka nnukwu nickel cathodes. Maka ụgbọ ala eletrik na-ebute ụzọ ogologo ịnya ụgbọ ala, oghere njupụta ike a na-atụgharị ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ mbelata ihe nkesa kwa ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ibu ibu batrị iji nweta oke nha.

Mmetụta Jahn- na-ebute ihe ịma aka nhazi ọzọ. Mgbe ewepụrụ ya n'okpuru ihe dịka 3V, Mn³⁺ ion na-enweta mgbagha geometric nke na-agbanwe nhazi ọkpụkpụ cubic ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi tetragonal. Mgbanwe nke usoro a na-ebute mgbanwe ụda anisotropic - kristal na-agbasawanye n'akụkụ ụfọdụ karịa ndị ọzọ. Ịgba ígwè ugboro ugboro site na mgbanwe a na-ebute nrụgide n'ibu, na-atụnye ụtụ na ike ịla azụ na n'ikpeazụ mebie nhazi.

Ndị nchọpụta agbasola usoro mbelata dị iche iche. Ihe mkpuchi ihu na-eji ihe ndị dị ka aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi carbon nwere ike igbochi mgbasa nke manganese site na ịmepụta ihe mgbochi. Nnyocha 2024 gosipụtara na ntinye akwa atomic oyi akwa nke mkpuchi Al₂O₃ gbatịpụrụ ndụ okirikiri site na 500 ruo 1,200 okirikiri site na igbochi kọntaktị electrolyte ozugbo na elu cathode.

Atụmatụ ime ihe na-agụnye iji dochie obere ihe ndị si mba ọzọ n'ime usoro ọkpụkpụ azụ. Ịgbakwunye ihe ndị dị ka aluminom, nickel, ma ọ bụ chromium nwere ike ime ka usoro kristal kwụsie ike wee belata mmetụta Jahn{1}}Teller. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2024 gosiri na ngbanwe nke abụọ na aluminom na fluorine na LiMn₂₋ₓAlₓO₄₋yFy ogige kwalitere nkwụsi ike dị elu{4} okpomọkụ.

N'ofe isi LiMn₂O₄ spinel, ọtụtụ ụdị apụtala iji lebara ihe achọrọ arụ ọrụ akọwapụtara. Ngwa Lithium-ọgaranya manganese oxide (LRMO), yana usoro izugbe Li₁₊ₓMn₂₋ₓO₄ ma ọ bụ ogige Li₂MnO₃, na-enye ikike kariri 250 mAh/g. Ihe ndị a nwetara nlebara anya n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-arụ ọrụ iji merie ihe ịma aka ha dị iche iche na voltaji na-ada mbà na mbụ adịghị arụ ọrụ.

Ọdịiche dị elu{0} voltaji spinel dị ka LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ (LNMO) na-arụ ọrụ na ihe dịka 4.7V, na-ebuga njupụta ume dị elu gburugburu 200 Wh/kg. Toyota kwupụtara atụmatụ na 2024 ịhapụ ụgbọ ala eletrik na-eji LNMO cathodes site na 2026, na-ezubere nso nso 400 km. Ihe ịma aka dị na LNMO dabeere na nkwụsi ike electrolyte na voltaji dị elu, nke na-eweda ma na-emepụta gas n'oge ịgba ígwè. Electrolyte fluorinated nke ndị nyocha mepụtara na 2023 belatara nrụpụta gas site na 90%, na-ekwupụta oke a.

Ihe owuwu katode mejupụtara jikọtara LMO na ihe ndị ọzọ iji kwalite arụmọrụ. Batrị CATL's M3P na-ejikọta manganese{2}}ọgaranya ihe mejupụtara ya na kemịkalụ phosphate{3} dabere, na-enweta ọnụ ala 15% dị ala karịa batrị NMC ọkọlọtọ ma na-ejigide arụmọrụ asọmpi. Ụzọ ndị a agwakọtara na-anọchi anya usoro ụlọ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na nhazi cathode ahaziri ahaziri maka ngwa akọwapụtara kama ịbụ otu- ngwọta kemistri.

Ọdịdị manganese oxide Layered, ebe ọ na-adịkarịghị karịa spinels, na-enye njirimara arụmọrụ dị iche iche. Ọmụmụ 2024 na Li-birnessite, lithium manganese oxide nke nwere nsogbu nhazi a na-achịkwa, gosipụtara ịgbagharị agbagharị agbagharị nso n'ikike usoro mmụta site n'igbochi ntụgharị oge na-achọghị. Ntuziaka nyocha a na-atụ aro na iji nlezianya arụ ọrụ nhazi n'ọkwa atọm nwere ike imeri njedebe LMO ọdịnala.

Mmepụta LMO azumahia na-arụ ọrụ siri ike{0}} steeti synthesis, ebe lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) ma ọ bụ lithium hydroxide (LiOH) na-emeghachi omume na manganese oxide precursors na elu okpomọkụ (700-900 degrees ). Usoro calcination na-etolite n'usoro spinel, na-enwe oke urughuru na morphology na-achịkwa site na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, oge, na nhọrọ mmalite.

Ọganihu n'ichepụta ebumnuche belata ọnụ ahịa yana melite akụrụngwa akụrụngwa. Ọmụmụ 2024 mepụtara ụzọ njikọ zuru oke na-amalite site na manganese ore karịa manganese dioxide electrolytic a nụchara anụcha (EMD). Nke a na -site na-ore uzo, site na iji acid leaching sochiri thermal decomposition and siri ike - mmeghachi omume steeti, nwetara 96.1% manganese mmịpụta nke ọma mgbe ọ na-emepụta LMO na arụmọrụ electrochemical tụnyere ihe eji eme ya.

Ngwọta -Ụzọ nchịkọta dabere dị ka usoro hydrothermal ma ọ bụ sol{1}}gel na-enye njikwa kacha mma maka nha nha na ọdịdị ahụ. Ụzọ ndị a nwere ike iwepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe nanoscale LMO nwere oke elu dị elu, nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ ọnụego. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ngwọta n'ozuzu na-eri ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-adịkwaghị mfe karịa - nhazi steeti maka mmepụta azụmahịa.

Usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe etinyere n'oge ma ọ bụ mgbe njikọta nwere ike ịkwalite arụmọrụ LMO. Usoro mkpuchi na-eji kemịkalụ uzuoku, nkwụnye atomic oyi akwa, ma ọ bụ ụzọ kemịkal mmiri na-etinye akwa mkpuchi na-ebelata mgbasa nke manganese. Ọkpụrụkpụ mkpuchi ahụ, nke na-adịkarị 5- nanometers 20, ga-edozirịrị nchebe megide nguzogide mbufe ion{4}}ihe mkpuchi kariri na-enye nchebe ka mma mana ọ na-aga ngwa ngwa lithium-ion.

Ahịa cathode LMO zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru ijeri $2.31 na 2024, yana amụma na-egosi uto ruo ijeri $4.29 site na 2033 na ọnụ ahịa uto kwa afọ nke 7.1%. Mgbasawanye a na-egosipụta ma ụbara batrị lithium n'ozuzu yana uru LMO nwere na ụfọdụ ngwa.

Mgbanwe mpaghara na-egosi Asia Pacific na-achịkwa ihe dịka 54% òkè ahịa ($ 1.25 ijeri na 2024). China, Japan na South Korea na-anabata ndị na-emepụta batrị ma na-ebupụta ma mmepụta na ọchịchọ. Ihe mkpali gọọmentị maka ụgbọ ala eletrik na nchekwa ume ọhụrụ na mba ndị a na-erite uru nkuchi LMO ozugbo. North America na Europe jikọtara ọnụ maka ihe dịka 45% nke ahịa, na-eto eto site na ọkụ eletrik na ọrụ nchekwa ike.

Asọmpi sitere na kemịkalụ cathode ọzọ na-akpụzi ọnọdụ ahịa LMO. Lithium iron phosphate enwetala nnukwu ala, ọkachasị na China, n'ihi ndụ okirikiri ya dị elu yana njirimara nchekwa ya. Ọdịiche ọnụahịa dị n'etiti LMO na LFP ebelatala ka mmepụta LFP mụbara. Agbanyeghị, LMO na-edobe uru na ike na voltaji akọwapụtara, na-echekwa niche ya na ngwa ike dị elu{{3}.

Mmepe iwu na-emetụta nkuchi LMO. Iwu batrị 2027 nke European Union na-amanye chọrọ nkwado na ikike nchọta ihe. Iwu ndị a nwere ike ịkwado kemịkalụ manganese - dabere na cobalt{4}} n'ihi oke mkpagbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ omume. Ụfọdụ atụmatụ gụnyere nkwụ ụgwọ na ọdịnaya cobalt, nke nwere ike ime LMO 20% dị ọnụ ala karịa NMC n'ahịa ụfọdụ ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya.

Ego nyocha na-egosi mmasị na-aga n'ihu na batrị ndị dabere na manganese{0}. Ngalaba ike nke United States ekenyela ijeri $2 maka nyocha na mmepe batrị sitere na manganese{5} site na 2024-2027, na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite njupụta ume na ndụ okirikiri ebe na-ejigide uru ọnụ ahịa. Mgbama ntinye ego a na-egosi nnabata gọọmentị maka ọrụ manganese n'ịgbanwe ụdọ ọkọnọ batrị pụọ na mineral ndị dị mkpa dị ka cobalt.

Ngwakọta batrị siri ike- na-anọchi anya ọganiihu nwere ike ime maka teknụzụ LMO. Ndị electrolytes siri ike na-ewepụ electrolyte mmiri mmiri nke na-eme ka mgbasa nke manganese dị mfe, nwere ike dozie usoro mmebi isi nke LMO. Data QuantumScape's 2024 na LMO jikọtara ya na seramiiki electrolytes nwetara cycles 500 na ọnụego 1C, n'agbanyeghị na mgbochi ihu na-adị okpukpu atọ karịa sel electrolyte mmiri. Toyota steeti siri ike{{7}prototype iji LiMn₂O₄ cathode nwere Li₃PS₄ electrolyte gosipụtara njupụta ume 300 Wh/kg, na-erute ọkwa arụmọrụ NMC ka ọ na-ejigide uru nchekwa LMO.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Ịghọta LMO chọrọ ọnọdụ n'ime oghere batrị lithium sara mbara. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) na-enye njupụta ume dị elu (140-180 Wh / kg) mana ọ na-enwe nkwụsi ike na-adịghị mma na ọnụ ahịa dị elu. LCO na-achịkwa ngwa eletrọnịkị enwere ike ebe nha dị mkpa karịa ọnụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ogologo ndụ, mana nchekwa nchekwa na-egbochi ojiji ya na ngwa usoro buru ibu.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) na-enye ndụ okirikiri pụrụiche (2,000{7}} cycles 5,000) yana nchekwa dị elu, na-arụ ọrụ na voltaji dị ala (3.2V nominal). Njupụta ume nke LFP (90-120 Wh/kg) dara n'okpuru LMO, mana ogologo ndụ ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akụ na ụba maka ngwa ebe ọnụ ahịa nnọchi ugboro ugboro gafere ọnụ ahịa mbụ ịzụrụ. Ahịa ụgbọ ala eletrik nke China na-enwetawanye mmasị LFP maka ụgbọ ala ọkọlọtọ, ebe ngwakọta LMO-NMC ka na-adịkarị n'ahịa na-ebute ụzọ ọrụ.

Batrị nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) na-enye njupụta ume kachasị elu n'etiti nhọrọ azụmahịa ugbu a (150{1}}250 Wh/kg), na-eme ka ọ masịrị ya maka ụgbọ ala eletrik dị ogologo. Agbanyeghị, NMC na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ukwuu n'ihi ọdịnaya nickel na cobalt, yana nchegbu nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ chọrọ sistemụ njikwa batrị ọkaibe. Nnyefe ọkụ LMO karịrị NMC n'ime obere mkpirisi, na-enye ya ihu maka ngwa ngwakọ chọrọ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.

Batrị lithium titanate (LTO) na-eji anode emezigharịrị karịa kathode dị iche, mana ntụnyere ahụ na-enye nkuzi. LTO na-enye oke ogologo ndụ (10, 000+ okirikiri) yana nchekwa mana njupụta ike dị obere (50-80Wh/kg). Nchikota LTO anodes na LMO cathodes na-emepụta batrị ahaziri maka ngwa dị ka sistemụ ụgbọ ala na-ebu ngwa ngwa, na-egosi ka njikọta kemịkalụ nwere ike isi nweta ihe achọrọ.

Ọsọ ọsọ nke ihe ọhụrụ LMO gbagoro n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya ka ndị nyocha na-ekwu okwu banyere oke ogologo oge. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2024 na Journal of the American Chemical Society kọwara lithium manganese oxide nke nwere nsogbu nrụzi a na-achịkwa nke nwetara ịgbagharị ịgbagharị agbagharị n'akụkụ ikike echiche. Ndị nyocha ahụ jiri mgbanwe ion na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ chịkwaa iji mepụta usoro Li{3} birnessite nke na-egbochi ịkwaga manganese na mgbasa.

Atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na-aga n'ihu. Ndị nyocha na 2024 gosipụtara na graphene encapsulation nke ụmụ irighiri LMO kwalitere ikike site na 15% ka ọ na-agbatị ndụ okirikiri. Ihe oyi akwa graphene na-agbanwe agbanwe na-anabata mgbanwe olu n'oge ịnya igwe mgbe ọ na-enye ọkụ eletrik ma na-echebe megide mgbasa nke manganese. Usoro a na-anọchite anya usoro sara mbara na injinia nanoscale nke ihe cathode.

Ọdịdị gradient nleba anya pụtara dị ka ntụzịaka na-ekwe nkwa. Kama otu ihe mejupụtara akụkụ nke ọ bụla, ihe ndị a dịgasị iche iche site na isi ruo n'elu. Mgbanwe nke nta nke nta na-ewepụ ihe mgbagwoju anya interface nke na-eme ka mgbawa dị n'ụdị mkpuchi dị mfe. Otutu ndi otu nyocha kwuru na emelitere nkwụsi ike na oke voltaji na-eji usoro a, n'agbanyeghị na mmejuputa azụmahịa ka dị oke.

Ngwa mmụta igwe amalitela ịkwalite njikọ na arụmọrụ LMO. Ndị nchọpụta jiri ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ buru amụma nchikota dopant nke na-eme ka nkwụsi ike n'usoro, na-ebelata nnwale{1} na{2}Nnwale njehie achọrọ maka mmepe ngwa. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2024 buru amụma nke ọma aluminom-nickel co-ọnụọgụ doping maka arụmọrụ dị elu-, nke nnwale ndị sochirinụ kwadoro.

Profaịlụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke LMO na-egosi ma uru na ihe ịma aka. Mwepụta manganese na-achọ obere ike{1} nhazi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ karịa cobalt ma ọ bụ nickel, na ụbara nke element ahụ na-ebelata nrụgide n'ahụ ahụ ndị gbadoro anya. Otú ọ dị, ngwuputa manganese ka na-ebute mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ọgba aghara ala, ịṅụ mmiri, na mmetọ nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya nke ọma.

Ntụle okirikiri ndụ na-atụnyere kemịkalụ batrị lithium dị iche iche na-egosi LMO na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ụkwụ carbon n'ihi obere nhazi chọrọ na mkpochapụ cobalt. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2023 zuru ezu gbakọrọ batrị LMO na-emepụta ihe dị ka 15{3}} 20% obere ikuku ikuku n'oge nrụpụta ma e jiri ya tụnyere NMC dakọtara na kwa-kWh.

Akụrụngwa imegharị ihe maka LMO dị n'ime sistemu eji emegharị batrị lithium sara mbara. Usoro hydrometallurgical nwere ike nwetaghachi manganese, lithium, na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere arụmọrụ dị elu. Agbanyeghị, uru manganese enwetara dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere cobalt ma ọ bụ nickel na-ebelata mkpali akụ na ụba maka ịmegharị ihe. Iwu iwu maka imegharị batrị, dị ka ndị a na-emejuputa atumatu na Europe, ga-eme ka ọnụego nrụpụta LMO dị mma n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị akụ na ụba dị ọcha.

Ngwa ndụ nke abụọ- na-enye ụzọ nkwado ọzọ. Batrị LMO mebiri emebi karịa iji ụgbọ ala na-enwekarị ikike zuru oke maka nchekwa nchekwa ike, ebe ịdị arọ na ike dị obere karịa n'ime ụgbọ ala. Ọtụtụ mmemme pilot na-eweghachi batrị ụgbọ ala latrik ezumike nka nwere LMO cathodes maka nchekwa ike anyanwụ, na-agbatị ndụ bara uru n'ozuzu yana ịkwalite mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Kedu ihe na-eme batrị LMO dị nchebe karịa ụdị lithium ndị ọzọ{0}}?

Ọdịdị kristal spinel nke LMO na-enye nkwụsi ike dị iche iche nke na-eguzogide okpomọkụ. Manganese oxide cathodes na-anọgide na-akwụsi ike na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa cobalt{1}}ụgwọ ndị ọzọ dabere, na enweghị cobalt nke ukwuu na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ire ere. Nnwale na-egosi batrị LMO nwere 58% obere ihe egwu ịgba ọsọ dị ka ụkpụrụ nchekwa UL siri dị.

Kedu ihe kpatara batrị LMO ji nwee ogologo ndụ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa batrị LFP?

Mgbasa Manganese n'ime electrolyte na-eme ka ike na-aga n'ihu na-agwụ na batrị LMO. Mn²⁺ ions na-apụ na nhazi nke cathode, karịsịa na okpomọkụ dị elu, ma kwaga na anode ebe ha na-egbochi ọrụ electrode. Batrị LFP na-ezere usoro a n'ihi na ígwè phosphate na-emepụta usoro kwụsiri ike nke na-adịghị agbaze n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya.

Enwere ike iji batrị LMO na oke okpomọkụ?

Batrị LMO na-ejikwa okpomọkụ dị elu karịa ọtụtụ ụzọ ọzọ, na-arụ ọrụ n'enweghị nsogbu ruo ogo 60 (ogo 140 F). Ịrụ ọrụ okpomọkụ oyi na-egosi ihe ịma aka karịa-dị ka batrị lithium{4}} batrị ion niile, LMO na-enwe ike ibelata yana mmụba nke nguzogide dị n'okpuru ogo 0. Ịda mbà n'obi voltaji sitere na okpomọkụ oyi na-emetụta LMO n'otu aka ahụ na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ.

Kedu ka LMO si atụnyere LFP maka ụgbọ ala eletrik?

LMO na-enye voltaji dị elu (4.0V vs 3.2V) yana nnyefe ike ka mma maka osooso, mana ndụ okirikiri dị ala na njupụta ike dị ntakịrị. LFP karịrị ogologo ndụ yana ọnụ ahịa ọkọlọtọ -ụgbọ ala, ebe ngwakọta LMO-NMC na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka arụmọrụ-ụgbọ ala gbadoro ụkwụ na-achọ nnyefe ọkụ ngwa ngwa. Usoro ahịa na-egosi ma kemịkalụ abụọ na-ebikọ ọnụ maka akụkụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche karịa otu dochie nke ọzọ.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Emepụtara nchọpụta maka akụkọ a site na isi mmalite ndị nwere ikike gụnyere ndị ọgbọ{0}} enyochala na Journal of the American Chemical Society, Battery & Supercaps, na Energy Storage Materials. Data ahịa sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere DataIntelo na Fortune Business Insights. Nkọwa nka na ụzụ zoro aka n'ihe sitere na ndị na-emepụta batrị gụnyere NEI Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich, na CATL. Data ule nchekwa sitere na ụkpụrụ UL wee bipụta nyocha nchekwa sitere na National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).