Kachasị mma 12v 100ah batrị lithium maka trolling moto

Sistemu electrolyte dị na batrị lithium - na-anọchi anya ihe dị mkpa na-ekpebi ịrụ ọrụ batrị, ọkachasị maka ngwa pụrụ iche dịka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemu moto. Dị ka ihe na-eduzi ionic n'etiti electrodes ziri ezi na nke na-adịghị mma, electrolyte na-emetụta kpọmkwem ike voltaji batrị, ike dị iche iche, nkwụsi ike ịgba ígwè, oke arụmọrụ okpomọkụ, na njirimara nchekwa. Ntụle zuru oke a na-enyocha kemịkalụ gbagwojuru anya, nhazi, na atụmatụ nkwalite nke lithium batrị electrolytes, na-emesi ike na ngwa ha na sistemụ arụmọrụ dị elu-.

Ihe mejupụtara na nhazi nke batrị lithium electrolytes

Ihe owuwu nke isi ihe

Lithium{0} ion batrị electrolyte nwere ihe atọ bụ isi: nnu lithium, ihe mgbaze organic na ihe mgbakwunye na-arụ ọrụ. Akụkụ ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche n'inweta arụmọrụ electrochemical kacha mma. Nnu lithium na-enye ụdị ionic maka ibufe ụgwọ, na-adịkarị na mkpokọta sitere na 0.8 ruo 1.2 mol / L. Ihe mgbaze organic na-agbari nnu lithium ma na-eme ka ion na-agagharị agagharị, ebe ihe mgbakwunye na-akwalite oke arụmọrụ dị ka nhazi SEI, ire ọkụ, na nkwụsi ike dị elu - voltaji.

Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ sistemu electrolyte maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka ịghagharị ngwa moto, ndị injinia ga-atụlerịrị ihe achọrọ pụrụ iche nke gburugburu mmiri, gụnyere mgbanwe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ (-20 ogo ruo ogo 60), nguzogide ịma jijiji na ogologo oge- nkwụsi ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ elere anya{6}} nke{9}} ụgwọ ọrụ. Ngwakọta electrolyte na-emetụta metrik arụmọrụ ndị a ozugbo site na mmetụta ya na nguzogide dị n'ime, nke na-adịkarị site na 5-15 mΩ maka sel dị elu.

Teknụzụ Nnu Lithium na Metric arụmọrụ

Nhọrọ nke nnu lithium na-emetụta n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na njirimara electrochemical na arụmọrụ bara uru nke sistemụ batrị. Batrị lithium nke azụmahịa na-ejikarị ọtụtụ nnu lithium isi, nke ọ bụla na-enye uru na oke dị iche iche.

Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) na-achịkwa ngwa azụmahịa n'ihi profaịlụ arụmọrụ ya kwụziri ahazi. N'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị eme nke ọma na otu oke, LiPF₆ na-egosipụta arụmọrụ zuru oke na sistemu electrolyte carbonate{1}. Nrụ ọrụ ionic ya nke 10.7 mS / cm na ogo 25 na EC / DMC (1: 1 v / v) ngwọta na-enye ikike ọnụego dị mma maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka nhazi nhazi moto. Nnu na-enyere ndị na-anakọta ihe ugbu a aluminom ohere site na nhazi oyi akwa AlF₃ na ikike dị elu karịa 3.5V, na-egbochi corrosion ka ọ na-ejigide nguzogide ihu ihu dị ala (<50 Ω·cm²).

Otú ọ dị, LiPF₆ na-egosiputa enweghi ike ikpo ọkụ n'elu ogo 80, na-emebi dịka nha nha: LiPF₆ ⇌ LiF + PF₅. PF₅ emepụtara na-eme ka mmebi electrolyte na-aga n'ihu, na-emepụta HF na ọnụnọ nke mmiri mmiri (ọ na-abụkarị 20-50 ppm na electrolytes azụmahịa). Usoro mmebi a na-achọ ka njikwa ọkụ na-akpachapụ anya na batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemu moto na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu oke okpomọkụ.

Chemistry nnu lithium dị elu na ihe ọhụrụ

Na-esote - Sistemụ Nnu Ọgbọ

LiTFSI (lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide) na-anọchite anya ihe ọzọ na-ekwe nkwa na nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ dị elu karịa ogo 300. Otu CF₃SO₂ na-emepụta mmetụta eletrọn siri ike{2}} na-eweputa, na-ewepụ ụgwọ na-adịghị mma n'ofe nitrogen imide na ibelata ion pairing. Nke a na-ebute ike mgbaze ruo 4.5 mol/L na ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze. Agbanyeghị, corrosion aluminom n'elu 3.7V na-egbochi ngwa ya na batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemụ moto ọ gwụla ma jikọtara ya na mgbakwunye na-agafe agafe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-anakọta ugbu a.

LiFSI (lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide) na-enye nkwalite arụmọrụ (9.2 mS/cm) yana ndakọrịta aluminom ka mma tụnyere LiTFSI. Eletrọnegativity siri ike nke fluorine atom na-akwalite mwepu nke Li⁺, na-enweta ihe omume 15-20% dị elu karịa LiPF₆ n'ogo nha anya. Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-egosi na LiFSI{5} electrolytes dabeere na-enyere ike ịchaji ngwa ngwa dị mkpa maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka trolling ngwa moto na-achọ mmeju ume ngwa ngwa.

Ngwakọta Nnu Ngwakọ

LiDFOB (lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate) na-ejikọta ihe arụrụ arụ sitere na LiBOB na LiBF₄, na-eketa ikike nhazi SEI dị elu yana nkwalite arụmọrụ dị ala-. Ngwa ire ere ya na-etolite akwa ngafe siri ike nwere Li₂C₂O₄ na LiF, na-ebelata mgbochi ihu site na 30-40% ma e jiri ya tụnyere sistemụ naanị LiPF₆. Ọganihu a tụgharịrị gaa na nnyefe ike na batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka nhazi moto na-arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ n'okpuru ogo 0.

Sistemụ mgbaze Organic yana atụmatụ kachasị mma

Njirimara Carbonate Solvent yana nhọpụta nhọrọ

Matriks ihe mgbaze organic na-agbari nnu lithium ma na-eme njem ụgbọ njem ion ka ọ na-edobe nkwụsi ike nke electrochemical n'ofe oke voltaji na-arụ ọrụ batrị (na-abụkarị 2.5-4.3V vs. Li/Li⁺). Ihe mgbaze dị mma maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka ngwa trolling moto gosipụtara:

Dielectric dị elu mgbe niile (ε> 30) maka mgbasa nnu

Obere viscosity (η <3 cP) maka mbufe ion ngwa ngwa

Nnukwu mmiri mmiri (-40 degrees ruo 150 degrees)

Window nkwụsi ike elektrọn> 5V

Ndakọrịta kemịkalụ na ihe elektrọd

Nrụgide ikuku dị ala na ebe ọkụ dị elu maka nchekwa

Ethylene carbonate (EC) na-eje ozi dị ka ntọala maka ọtụtụ usoro electrolyte azụmahịa. Ya elu dielectric mgbe niile (ε=89.6 na 25 degrees ) na-enyere zuru ezu lithium nnu dissociation, mgbe ya Mbelata ngwaahịa na-etolite mkpa SEI oyi akwa on graphite anodes. Ihe mejupụtara SEI, bụ isi (CH₂OCO₂Li)₂ na Li₂CO₃, na-enye mkpuchi eletrọnịkị ka ọ na-enye ohere ibufe Li⁺ nwere ihe omume ionic nke 10⁻⁷ ruo 10⁻ S/cm.

Linear carbonates dị ka dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), na ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) belata electrolyte viscosity na ịgbatị mmiri mmiri okpomọkụ nso. Ụdị ụdị maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka trolling moto nwere ike iji EC: EMC: DMC na nha 1: 1: 1, na-enweta viscosity nke 3.2 cP na conductivity nke 11.5 mS / cm na 25 degrees na 1M LiPF₆.

Dị ka nnyocha e bipụtara na nso nso a na Journal of Power Sources si kwuo, "njikarịcha nke usoro electrolyte site na nhazi nhazi nke ihe mgbaze na nchịkọta nnu egosila ọganihu na nkwụsi ike nke ịgba ígwè karịa 85% n'ijigide mgbe 2000 cycles na 1C ọnụego. Kpọmkwem, ntinye nke fluorinated ihe mgbaze na 5{-50} voltaji na-eme ka nkwụsi ike dị elu. ionic conductivity ka omenala formulations" (Zhang et al., 2024, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 589, pp. 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.233241).

Mgbanwe ihe mgbaze dị elu

Carbonated fluorinated na-akwalite nkwụsi ike oxidative, na-agbatị windo voltaji arụ ọrụ ruo 4.5V ma ọ bụ karịa. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) na 2-5 wt% itinye uche na-eme ka ndakọrịta silicon anode na batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemu moto na-eji silicon-graphite composite anodes. Ngwaahịa Mbelata FEC na-emepụta SEI na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-anabata mgbanwe olu ruo 300% n'oge okirikiri silicon lithiation / delithiation cycles.

Ihe mgbakwunye na-arụ ọrụ na nkwalite arụmọrụ

SEI-Na-emepụta ihe mgbakwunye

Nhazi interphase siri ike electrolyte na-ekpebi ogologo ndụ batrị na arụmọrụ. Vinylene carbonate (VC) ka bụ ihe mgbakwunye SEI kacha arụ ọrụ, nke na-adịkarị na 0.5-2 wt% itinye uche. VC na-ebelata nke ọma na 1.3V vs. Li / Li⁺, na-akpụ ụdị poly (VC) na-eme ka ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ SEI na-ebelata oriri electrolyte n'oge ịgba ígwè. Na kacha mma 12v 100ah batrị lithium maka trolling moto ngwa, VC mgbakwunye na-agbatị ndụ okirikiri site 20-30% n'okpuru elu okpomọkụ ọnọdụ.

Sulfur-nwere ihe mgbakwunye dị ka prop{4}}1{{5}ene-1,3-sultone (PES) na ethylene sulfate (DTD) na-emepụta akwa SEI nwere sọlfọ na-egosipụta nrụpụta lithium-ion conductivity. Mgbakwunye PES na 0.5 wt% na-ebelata ikike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke mbụ site na 8-10% ruo 5-7%, na-eme ka njupụta ike nke batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemụ moto.

Ihe mgbakwunye ire ere

Ntụle nchekwa chọrọ mgbakwunye ọkụ na-egbochi ọkụ, ọkachasị maka nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ -. Organophosphorus ogige dị ka trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), na tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFEP) na-ebelata electrolyte flammability. Agbanyeghị, ihe mgbakwunye ndị a na-abawanye viscosity ma belata conductivity site na 10-20%. Ntụle kachasị mma na-edozi nkwalite nchekwa yana obere mmetụta arụmọrụ, na-abụkarị 5-10 volts maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka ịghagharị ngwa mmiri mmiri.

Ihe nkwụnye ọkụ dị elu{{0}

Voltaji arụ ọrụ n'elu 4.3V chọrọ mgbakwunye pụrụ iche iji gbochie oxidation electrolyte. Ngwakọta nitrile dị ka adiponitrile (ADN) na succinonitrile (SN) na-etolite ihe nkiri cathode na-echebe, na-ebelata mgbasa nke metal mgbanwe site na 60-80%. Ihe mgbakwunye boron{7}} dị ka tris(trimethylsilyl) borate (TMSB) na-ekpochapụ HF na PF₅, na-edobe ịdị ọcha electrolyte n'ime batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemu moto nke etinyere n'ịchaji nnukwu voltaji sere n'elu.

Nkwalite arụmọrụ okpomọkụ

Nrụpụta eletrịịt dị ala{{0}

Marine applications demand reliable performance across temperature extremes. Low-temperature operation challenges include increased electrolyte viscosity (exponential increase below 0°C), reduced ionic conductivity, and elevated charge-transfer resistance. The best 12v 100ah lithium battery for trolling motor must maintain >Ikike 80% na - ogo 20 maka ngwa ịkụ azụ oyi.

Atụmatụ maka nkwalite okpomọkụ dị ala{{0} gụnyere:

Na-agbakwụnye ihe mgbaze dị ala{0}}agbaze{1} (propylene carbonate, -butyrolactone)

Na-ebelata ntinye nnu na 0.6-0.8M iji belata njikọ ion

Na-agbakwunye co{0} ihe mgbaze dị ka methyl acetate ma ọ bụ ethyl acetate (10-20 vol%)

Na-ewe LiBF₄ ma ọ bụ LiTFSI salts nwere okpomọkụ dị ala{0}

Oke ọkụ - nkwụsi ike

Ọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu- na-eme ka ndakpọ electrolyte dịkwuo elu, mmepụta gas, na mmebi SEI. Batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemụ moto na-arụ ọrụ na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ga-anagide mkpughe ogo 60. Mmelite nkwụsi ike ọkụ gụnyere:

Dochie LiPF₆ akụkụ ya na nnu kwụsiri ike (20-30% LiBOB ma ọ bụ LiDFOB)

Na-agbakwụnye radical scavengers (0.1-0.5 wt% phenols na-egbochi)

Na-agbakwunye ndị ọrụ chelating na ion metal mgbanwe mgbagwoju anya

Na-ebuli ihe mkpuchi seramiiki nkewa maka mmechi ọkụ emelitere

Electrolyte-Electrode Interface Chemistry

Usoro nhazi SEI na nkwalite

The siri ike electrolyte interphase na-etolite n'oge mbụ ịchaji cycles site reductive ire ere nke electrolyte components. Njirimara SEI kacha mma maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka moto trolling gụnyere:

Ọkpụrụkpụ: 20-50 nm maka ntakịrị nguzogide

Ihe mejupụtara: organic agwakọta {{0} inorganic maka mgbanwe na nkwụsi ike

Ionic conductivity: >10⁻ S/cm maka ike ọnụego nnabata

Electronic resistance: >10⁶ Ω·cm iji gbochie mbelata electrolyte na-aga n'ihu

Cathode Electrolyte Interface

The cathode -electrolyte interface (CEI) na-emetụta nnukwute nkwụsi ike voltaji na mgbasa igwe mgbanwe. Na batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka nhazi moto na-eji NMC ma ọ bụ NCA cathodes, mgbanwe CEI site na:

Mgbakwunye LiPO₂F₂ (0.3-0.5 wt%) na-emepụta ihe nkiri elu phosphate bara ụba

Lithium bis (oxalate) borate na-etolite n'ígwé oxalate nchebe

Trimethylboroxine (TMB) na-ewepụ ụdị acidic na-egbochi mgbasa ígwè

Njirimara dị elu yana njikwa ogo

Usoro nyocha

Mmepe nke electrolyte ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji ụzọ mara ọkaibe:

Igwe ihe nleba anya magnetik (NMR) maka nyocha nkesa nnu

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy maka ihe mejupụtara SEI

X{{0}ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) maka kemistri elu

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) maka nguzogide interface

Ihe dị iche iche nyocha calorimetry (DSC) maka nkwụsi ike ọkụ

Njikwa ogo maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka nrụpụta moto chọrọ:

Ọdịnaya nke mmiri<20 ppm (Karl Fischer titration)

HF ọdịnaya<50 ppm (acid-base titration)

Igwe adịghị ọcha<1 ppm (ICP-MS analysis)

Ionic conductivity n'ime ± 5% nkọwapụta

Nyocha agba na idoanya maka mmetọ

Protocol nkwado arụmọrụ

Nnwale zuru oke na-eme ka ikike electrolyte dị mma maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka trolling ngwa moto:

Cycling stability: >1000 okirikiri na 80% DoD

Rate capability: >90% ikike na 2C mwepu

Okpomọkụ dị nso: -20 ogo ọrụ ogo 60

Nkwụsi ike nchekwa:<3% capacity loss after 12 months at 25°C

Nnwale nchekwa: UN38.3 nnabata maka njem

Atụmatụ mmejuputa a na-eme eme

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nrụpụta-Elu

Mmepụta azụmaahịa nke electrolytes maka batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka moto trolling chọrọ:

gburugburu nhazi ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ (<100 ppm H₂O)

High-purity raw materials (>99.9% for solvents, >99.5% maka nnu)

Ngwakọta nkenke nkenke maka usoro nrụpụta

Usoro mmesi obi ike na ọkwa mmepụta ọ bụla

Ngwọta mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị maka ogige fluorinated

Atụmatụ nkwalite ọnụ ahịa

Ọnụ ego eletrik nwere 10-15% nke ọnụ ahịa cell. Atụmatụ mbelata gụnyere:

Ịzụta nnukwu ihe mgbaze ọkọlọtọ

Wedata mgbakwunye ọnụ ọnụ site na nchikota synergistic

Naghachi ma sachaa ihe mgbaze site na ihe mkpofu n'ichepụta

Kwalite ntinye nnu maka ịrụ ọrụ{0}}ọnụahịa nguzozi

Hazie usoro n'ofe batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka ịgharị ahịrị ngwaahịa moto

Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado

Green Electrolyte Development

Teknụzụ electrolyte na-adịgide adịgide na-elekwasị anya na:

Bio{0}} ihe mgbaze ewepụtara site na nri nri enwere ike imeghari

Mbelata ọdịnaya fluorine iji belata nnọgidesi ike gburugburu ebe obibi

Ihe ndị nwere ike ịmegharị maka mmejuputa akụ na ụba okirikiri

Usoro toxicity dị ala maka njikwa dị mma

Nkwụsị - nke -Nchịkwa Ndụ

Ntugharị eletriki sitere na batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemụ moto gụnyere:

Solvent extraction and purification (>95% enwere ike ịgbake)

Ngwọta nnu lithium site na mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ kristal

Ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ maka ịnweta ịnweta fluoride zuru ezu

Mkpofu nke ọma nke ihe ndị na-adịghị- nwere ike iweghachi

Ajụjụ na azịza

Q1: Kedu ihe kpatara batrị m ji atụfu ikike na ihu igwe oyi?A: Okpomọkụ dị ala na-abawanye viscosity electrolyte ma belata conductivity ionic. Batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka sistemụ moto nwere ahụmịhe 20{6}} mbelata ikike 30% na - ogo 10. Ngwọta: Batrị na-ekpo ọkụ tupu ejiri ya ma ọ bụ họrọ usoro eletrọtịt emebere okpomọkụ dị ala.

Q2: Gịnị na-akpata ọzịza batrị? A: Gas generation from electrolyte decomposition, particularly at high voltages or temperatures. The best 12v 100ah lithium battery for trolling motor designs incorporate pressure relief valves. Solution: Avoid overcharging (>4.2V/cell) and excessive temperatures (>60 degrees).

Q3: Ugboro ole ka a ga-eji dochie electrolyte?A: Na batrị lithium{0} ion mechiri emechi, enweghị ike dochie electrolyte. Batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka mpaghara moto trolling bụ maka ndụ ọrụ afọ 5-10 na-enweghị mmezi. Ngwọta: Omume ịchaji kwesịrị ekwesị na njikwa okpomọkụ na-agbatị ndụ electrolyte.

Q4: Gịnị kpatara ịrụ ọrụ batrị ji ewelata oge?A: SEI uto na-eri lithium na-arụ ọrụ ma na-abawanye nguzogide. Ngwaahịa ire ere elektrọn na-agbakọta, na-ebelata ihe omume ionic. Ngwọta: Kwalite usoro ịgba ụgwọ (zenarị nchekwa SoC 100%) ma nọgide na-enwe oke okpomọkụ.

Q5: Ịgwakọta ụdị batrị dị iche iche nwere ike imebi electrolyte?A: Batrị ekwekọghị ekwekọ na-emepụta ọnọdụ nchaji na-ezighi ezi na-eme ka mmebi electrolyte dịkwuo elu. Batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka moto trolling kwesịrị ijikọ ya na nkeji. Ngwọta: Jiri batrị nwere nkọwa dabara na ụbọchị nrụpụta.

Q6: Kedu ihe nchekwa nchekwa dị mkpa maka njikwa electrolyte?A: Electrolytes nwere ogige ndị na-emebi emebi na ndị na-egbu egbu. Batrị lithium 12v 100ah kacha mma maka nrụpụta moto chọrọ PPE kwesịrị ekwesị. Ngwọta: Jiri gloves, nchebe anya, ma rụọ ọrụ na mpaghara ikuku. Nwee ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị adị maka nzaghachi nfesa.

Nkọwapụta nka nka

Interphase siri ike (SEI): Nchekwa nanoscale oyi akwa kpụrụ n'elu anode site electrolyte mbenata, dị mkpa maka igbochi electrolyte ire ere na-aga n'ihu na-ekwe ka lithium -ion njem.

Dielectric Constant (ε): Nyochaa ike ihe mgbaze iji belata ike electrostatic n'etiti ion, na-ejikọta ya na ike mgbasa nnu na sistemu electrolyte.

Nọmba mbufe (t₊): Iberibe nke ugbu a nke lithium cations na-ebu, na-abịaru nso ịdị n'otu maka ịrụ ọrụ kacha mma na ngwa batrị.

arụmọrụ Coulombic: Oke nke mwepu iji kwụọ ikike, na-egosi ngbanwe nke mmeghachi omume electrochemical na nkwụsi ike electrolyte n'oge ịgba ígwè.

Viscosity (η): Nguzogide na-asọba na-emetụta ion ngagharị, tụrụ na centipoise (cP), oke dị oke egwu maka mkpebi ike ọnụego.

Igwe ọkụ eletrik: Voltage nso ebe electrolyte na-anọgide kwụsie ike na-enweghị oxidation ma ọ bụ mbelata, na-ekpebi kacha cell arụ ọrụ voltaji.

ion Pairing: Njikọ n'etiti lithium cations na nnu anions na-ebelata ntinye ion dị irè na conductivity na ngwọta electrolyte.

Ngafe oyi akwa: Ihe nkiri nchebe na-egbochi mmebi na-aga n'ihu, karịsịa maka ndị na-anakọta aluminom ugbu a na nnukwu voltaji.

Dendrite: agịga- dị ka lithium metal itolite nke nwere ike ịkpata sekit dị mkpụmkpụ nke ime, nke a na-egbochi ya site na nhazi ọkwa eletrọt.

DoD (Omimi nke mkpofu): Pasent nke ikike batrị etinyere n'oge okirikiri mwepu, na-emetụta nrụgide electrolyte na ọnụego mbibi.

Nchaji ese n'elu mmiri: Ịkwalite batrị na ụgwọ zuru oke na obere ala na-aga n'ihu, na-achọ nkwụsi ike electrolyte iji gbochie mmebi.

Thermal na-agba ọsọ: Mmụba okpomọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa site na mmeghachi omume exothermic, egbochiri ya site na ire ọkụ{0} ihe mgbakwunye na-emeghachi azụ na usoro electrolyte kwụsiri ike.